Kuvura ubushyuhe nintambwe yingenzi cyane mugutunganya ibikoresho byicyuma.Kuvura ubushyuhe birashobora guhindura imiterere nubukanishi bwibikoresho byicyuma, bikongerera ubukana, imbaraga, ubukana, nibindi bintu.
Kugirango harebwe niba imiterere yibicuruzwa bifite umutekano, byizewe, byubukungu, kandi bikora neza, injeniyeri zubatswe muri rusange zikeneye gusobanukirwa nubukanishi bwibikoresho, guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bushingiye kubisabwa n'ibishushanyo mbonera, no kunoza imikorere no ubuzima.Ibikurikira nuburyo 13 bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bujyanye nibikoresho byuma, twizeye ko bizafasha buri wese.
1. Annealing
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe ibikoresho byuma bishyushya ubushyuhe bukwiye, bikabikwa mugihe runaka, hanyuma bigakonja buhoro.Intego ya annealing ahanini ni ukugabanya ubukana bwibikoresho byibyuma, kunoza plastike, koroshya guca cyangwa gutunganya igitutu, kugabanya imihangayiko isigaye, kunoza uburinganire bwa microstructure hamwe nibigize, cyangwa gutegura microstructure kugirango bivurwe nyuma yubushyuhe.Uburyo busanzwe bwa annealing burimo rerystallisation annealing, annealing yuzuye, spheroidisation annealing, hamwe no kugabanya annealing.
Annealing yuzuye: Gutunganya ingano, ingano imwe, kugabanya ubukana, gukuraho burundu imihangayiko yimbere.Annealing yuzuye ikwiriye kwibagirwa cyangwa ibyuma bikozwe mubyuma birimo karubone (igice kinini) munsi ya 0.8%.
Spheroidizing annealing: igabanya ubukana bwibyuma, itezimbere imikorere yo gukata, kandi yitegura kuzimya ejo hazaza kugirango igabanye guhindagurika no gucika nyuma yo kuzimya.Spheroidizing annealing ikwiranye nicyuma cya karubone nicyuma gikoresha ibikoresho bya karubone (igice kinini) kirenga 0.8%.
Guhangayikisha annealing: Bikuraho imihangayiko yimbere iterwa mugihe cyo gusudira no gukonjesha ibice byibyuma, ikuraho imihangayiko yimbere iterwa mugihe cyo gutunganya neza ibice, kandi ikarinda guhindagurika mugihe cyo kuyitunganya no kuyikoresha nyuma.Guhangayikisha annealing birakwiriye gukina bitandukanye, kwibagirwa, ibice byo gusudira, hamwe nibice bikonje bikonje.
2. Ubusanzwe
Bivuga uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ibyuma cyangwa ibyuma kugeza ku bushyuhe bwa 30-50 ℃ hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Acm (ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo hejuru bwicyuma), kubifata mugihe gikwiye, no kubikonjesha mu kirere.Intego yo gukora ibisanzwe ni ukunoza imiterere yubukanishi bwibyuma bya karubone nkeya, kunoza imashini, gutunganya ingano, gukuraho inenge zubatswe, no gutegura imiterere yo kuvura ubushyuhe nyuma.
3. Kuzimya
Bivuga uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya igice cyicyuma hejuru yubushyuhe buri hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Ac1 (ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwicyuma cyo hasi cyicyuma), kugifata mugihe runaka, hanyuma ukabona imiterere ya martensite (cyangwa bainite) kuri an igipimo gikonje gikwiye.Intego yo kuzimya ni ukubona ibyangombwa bya martensitike bisabwa kubice byibyuma, kunoza ubukana, imbaraga, no kwambara birwanya akazi, no gutegura imiterere yo kuvura ubushyuhe nyuma.
Uburyo bwo kuzimya busanzwe burimo kuzimya umunyu, kuzimya icyiciro cya martensitike, kuzimya bainite isothermal kuzimya, kuzimya hejuru, no kuzimya kwaho.
Kuzimya amazi amwe: Kuzimya amazi amwe bikoreshwa gusa mubyuma bya karubone hamwe nibice byibyuma bivanze bifite imiterere yoroshye kandi bisabwa tekinike.Mugihe cyo kuzimya, kubice byibyuma bya karubone bifite diameter cyangwa ubunini burenze 5-8mm, hagomba gukoreshwa amazi yumunyu cyangwa gukonjesha amazi;Ibice by'ibyuma bivanze bikonjesha amavuta.
Kuzimya kabiri amazi: Shyushya ibice byicyuma kugirango ubushyuhe buzimye, nyuma yo kubitsa, uhite ubikonjesha mumazi kugeza kuri 300-400 º C, hanyuma ubyohereze mumavuta kugirango ukonje.
Kuzimya hejuru yumuriro: Kuzimya hejuru yumuriro bikwiranye nicyuma kinini giciriritse giciriritse hamwe nicyuma giciriritse giciriritse cyicyuma, nka crankshafts, gare, hamwe na gari ya moshi ziyobora, bisaba ubuso bukomeye kandi budashobora kwangirika kandi bushobora kwihanganira imitwaro yingaruka mubikorwa bimwe cyangwa bito. .
Kwiyongera kwubuso bukomeye: Ibice byanyuze hejuru yubutaka bifite ubuso bukomeye kandi butihanganira kwambara, mugihe bikomeza imbaraga nubukomezi muri rusange.Gukomera kwubutaka bikwiranye nicyuma giciriritse giciriritse hamwe nicyuma kivanze nicyuma cya karubone giciriritse.
4. Ubushyuhe
Yerekeza ku buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe aho ibice by'ibyuma bizimya hanyuma bigashyuha kugeza ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya Ac1, bigakomeza igihe runaka, hanyuma bikonjeshwa n'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba.Intego yo kurakara cyane cyane ni ugukuraho imihangayiko iterwa nibice byibyuma mugihe cyo kuzimya, kugirango ibice byibyuma bigire ubukana bwinshi kandi birwanya kwambara, kimwe na plastike isabwa nubukomezi.Ubushuhe busanzwe burimo ubushyuhe buke, ubushyuhe bwo hagati, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, nibindi.
Ubushyuhe buke: Ubushyuhe buke bukuraho imihangayiko yimbere iterwa no kuzimya ibice byibyuma, kandi bikunze gukoreshwa mugukata ibikoresho, ibikoresho byo gupima, ibishushanyo, ibyuma bizunguruka, hamwe nibice bya karubisi.
Ubushyuhe bwo hagati buringaniye: Ubushyuhe buringaniye butuma ibice byicyuma bigera kuri elastique nyinshi, gukomera, hamwe no gukomera, kandi mubisanzwe bikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwamasoko, kashe ishyushye ipfa, nibindi bice.
Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru: Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru butuma ibice byibyuma bigera kubintu byiza byubukanishi, aribyo imbaraga nyinshi, ubukana, hamwe nubukomezi buhagije, bikuraho imihangayiko yimbere iterwa no kuzimya.Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubice byingenzi byubaka bisaba imbaraga nimbaraga zikomeye, nka spindles, crankshafts, cams, gear, hamwe ninkoni zihuza.
5. Kuzimya & Ubushyuhe
Yerekeza kubikorwa byo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya no kugabanya ibyuma cyangwa ibyuma.Ibyuma bikoreshwa mukuzimya no kuvura byitwa ibyuma bizimya kandi bituje.Mubisanzwe bivuga ibyuma biciriritse byubatswe hamwe nicyuma giciriritse cyuma cyubatswe.
6. Kuvura ubushyuhe bwimiti
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe aho icyuma cyangwa ibishishwa byashyizwe mubikorwa bikora ku bushyuhe runaka bwo kubika, bigatuma ikintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi byinjira mubuso bwacyo kugirango bihindure imiterere yimiti, imiterere, nimikorere.Intego yo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa chimique ni ukunoza cyane ubukana bwubuso, kwambara, kurwanya ruswa, imbaraga zumunaniro, hamwe no kurwanya okiside yibice byibyuma.Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa chimique burimo karburizasi, nitride, karubone, nibindi.
Carburisation: Kugera ku gukomera gukomeye (HRC60-65) no kwambara birwanya hejuru, mugihe ukomeje gukomera kuri centre.Bikunze gukoreshwa mubice bidashobora kwangirika no kwihanganira ingaruka nkibiziga, ibyuma, shitingi, pin ya piston, nibindi.
Nitriding: Kunoza ubukana, kwambara birwanya, hamwe no kwangirika kwangirika kurwego rwo hejuru rwibice byibyuma, bikunze gukoreshwa mubice byingenzi nka bolts, nuts, na pin.
Carbonitriding: itezimbere ubukana no kwambara birwanya hejuru yicyuma cyibice byibyuma, bikwiranye nicyuma gito cya karubone, ibyuma bya karubone yo hagati, cyangwa ibyuma bivangavanze, kandi birashobora no gukoreshwa mubikoresho byihuta byuma byuma.
7. Kuvura igisubizo gikomeye
Bivuga uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ibishishwa hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa zone imwe kandi bikagumana ubushyuhe buhoraho, bigatuma icyiciro kirenze kigashonga burundu mugisubizo gikomeye hanyuma kigakonja vuba kugirango kibone igisubizo gikomeye.Intego yo kuvura igisubizo ahanini ni ukunoza plastike nubukomezi bwibyuma nudusimba, no gutegura imiti igabanya ubukana.
8. Gukomera kw'imvura (gushimangira imvura)
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe aho icyuma kigenda gikomera bitewe no gutandukanya atome ikemuye mugisubizo kirenze urugero kandi / cyangwa gukwirakwiza ibice byashonze muri matrix.Niba imvura igwa austenitike idafite ibyuma ikorerwa imiti igabanya ubukana kuri 400-500 ℃ cyangwa 700-800 ℃ nyuma yo kuvura igisubizo gikomeye cyangwa gukora ubukonje, birashobora kugera ku mbaraga nyinshi.
9. Kuvura igihe
Yerekeza ku buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe aho ibihangano bivanze bivura igisubizo gikomeye, guhindura plastike ikonje cyangwa guta, hanyuma bigahimbwa, bigashyirwa ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru cyangwa bikagumana ubushyuhe bwicyumba, hamwe nimiterere yabyo, imiterere, nubunini bihinduka mugihe runaka.
Niba uburyo bwo kuvura busaza bwo gushyushya igihangano ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru no kuvura gusaza igihe kirekire byemewe, byitwa kuvura gusaza;Ibintu byo gusaza bibaho mugihe igihangano kibitswe mubushyuhe bwicyumba cyangwa imiterere karemano igihe kirekire byitwa kuvura bisanzwe.Intego yo kuvura gusaza ni ugukuraho imihangayiko yimbere mubikorwa, guhagarika imiterere nubunini, no kunoza imiterere yubukanishi.
10. Gukomera
Yerekeza kubiranga bigena kuzimya ubujyakuzimu no gukwirakwiza ibyuma mubihe byagenwe.Gukomera kwiza cyangwa gukennye kwicyuma akenshi kugaragazwa nuburebure bwurwego rukomeye.Nuburebure bwimbitse bwurwego rukomera, niko gukomera kwicyuma.Gukomera kwicyuma ahanini biterwa nubumara bwayo, cyane cyane ibivanze nubunini bwingano byongera ubukana, ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya, hamwe nigihe cyo gufata umwanya.Icyuma gifite ubukana bwiza kirashobora kugera kumiterere yubukanishi kandi igahuza igice cyose cyicyuma, kandi ibikoresho byo kuzimya hamwe no guhagarika umutima birashobora gutoranywa kugirango bigabanye guhindura no guturika.
11. Diameter ikomeye (diameter ikomeye yo kuzimya)
Diameter ikomeye cyane yerekana diameter ntarengwa yicyuma mugihe martensite yose cyangwa 50% ya martensite iboneka murikigo nyuma yo kuzimya muburyo runaka.Diameter ikomeye yibyuma bimwe na bimwe irashobora kuboneka mugupima gukomera mumavuta cyangwa mumazi.
12. Gukomera kwa kabiri
Amavuta amwe n'amwe ya karubone (nk'icyuma cyihuta cyane) arasaba kuzenguruka inshuro nyinshi kugirango arusheho kongera ubukana.Iki kintu gikomeye, kizwi nko gukomera kwa kabiri, giterwa no kugwa kwa karbide zidasanzwe no / cyangwa guhindura austenite muri martensite cyangwa bainite.
13. Kugabanya ubukana
Yerekeza kuri embrittlement phenomenon yicyuma kizimye cyashushe mubipimo bimwe byubushyuhe cyangwa bikonje buhoro buhoro bivuye kubushyuhe bukabije binyuze muri ubu bushyuhe.Ubushyuhe burashobora kugabanywa muburyo bwa mbere bwuburakari nubwoko bwa kabiri bwuburakari.
Ubwoko bwa mbere bwuburakari, buzwi kandi nkubushyuhe budasubirwaho, cyane cyane mubushyuhe bwa 250-400 ℃.Nyuma yuburiganya bubuze nyuma yo gushyuha, ubwitonzi busubirwamo muriki cyiciro kandi ntibikibaho;
Ubwoko bwa kabiri bwubushyuhe bukabije, buzwi kandi nkubushuhe budasubirwaho, buboneka mubushyuhe buri hagati ya 400 na 650 ℃.Iyo ubukana bubuze nyuma yo gushyuha, bigomba gukonjeshwa vuba kandi ntibigomba kumara umwanya muremure cyangwa gukonja buhoro hagati ya 400 kugeza 650 ℃, bitabaye ibyo ibintu bya catalitiki bizongera kubaho.
Kuba habaho uburakari bukabije bifitanye isano nibintu bivanze bikubiye mu byuma, nka manganese, chromium, silicon, na nikel, bikunda kugira uburakari bukabije, mu gihe molybdenum na tungsten bifite imyumvire yo guca intege ubukana.
Icyuma gishyani ibikoresho byumwuga utanga ibicuruzwa.Umuyoboro wibyuma, coil hamwe nicyiciro cyibyuma birimo ST35 ST37 ST44 ST52 42CRMO4, S45C CK45 SAE4130 SAE4140 SCM440 nibindi. Murakaza neza kubakiriya kubaza no gusura uruganda.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-23-2023